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1 Ransome, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1753 Wells, Norfolk, Englandd. 1830 England[br]English inventor of a self-sharpening ploughshare and all-metal ploughs with interchangeable pans.[br]The son of a Quaker schoolmaster, Ransome served his apprenticeship with a Norfolk iron manufacturer and then went into business on his own in the same town, setting up one of the first brass and iron foundries in East Anglia. At an early stage of his career he was selling into Norfolk and Suffolk, well beyond the boundaries to be expected from a local craftsman. He achieved this through the use of forty-seven agents acting on his behalf. In 1789, with one employee and £200 capital, he transferred to Ipswich, where the company was to remain and where there was easier access to both raw materials and his markets. It was there that he discovered that cooling one part of a metal share during its casting could result in a self-sharpening share, and he patented the process in 1785.Ransome won a number of awards at the early Bath and West shows, a fact which demonstrates the extent of his markets. In 1808 he patented an all-metal plough made up of interchangeable parts, and the following year was making complete ploughs for sale. With interchangeable parts he was able to make composite ploughs suitable for a wide variety of conditions and therefore with potential markets all over the country.In 1815 he was joined by his son James, and at about the same time by William Cubitt. With the expertise of the latter the firm moved into bridge building and millwrighting, and was therefore able to withstand the agricultural depression which began to affect other manufacturers from about 1815. In 1818, under Cubitt's direction, Ransome built the gas-supply system for the town of Ipswich. In 1830 his grandson James Ransome joined the firm, and it was under his influence that the agricultural side was developed. There was a great expansion in the business after 1835.[br]Further ReadingJ.E.Ransome, 1865, Ploughs and Ploughing at the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester in 1865, in which he outlined the accepted theories of the day.J.B.Passmore, 1930, The English Plough, Reading: University of Reading (provides a history of plough development from the eighth century to the in ter-war period).Ransome's Royal Records 1789–1939, produced by the company; D.R.Grace and D.C.Phillips, 1975, Ransomes of Ipswich, Reading: Institute of Agricultural History, Reading University (both provide information about Ransome in a more general account about the company and its products; Reading University holds the company archives).AP -
2 plough
[plau] 1. сущ.; брит.; амер. plow1) плуг3) полигр. обрезные тиски ( переплётчика)4) ( the Plough) астр. Большая МедведицаSyn:5) эл. токосниматель6)а) шотл. упряжка (из тягловых лошадей, волов, буйволов)б) диал. вольер с перевозимыми в нём животными7) вспаханное поле, пашняSyn:8) олений рог••2. гл.; брит.; амер. plow1)а) вспахивать, пахатьto plough out / up — распахивать
All the fields are now ploughed up. — Сейчас идёт распахивание полей.
In this area you might plough up some valuable ancient coins. — В этих местах можно выкопать ценные старинные монеты.
The farmer ploughed the loose leaves back to enrich the soil. — Фермер запахал в почву опавшие листья, чтобы земля была лучше.
After the wheat crop has been gathered, many farmers burn the remains and plough the ash in. — После того, как урожай пшеницы собран, фермеры сжигают остатки и запахивают золу в землю.
б) уст. работать плугом3)а) прокладывать борозду, бороздитьб) наносить глубокую рану, глубокий порезв) испещрять, усеиватьHer face was rough, and ploughed with wrinkles. — Её лицо было грубым, изборождённым морщинами.
4) ( plough into)разг.а) горячо браться (за что-л.)б) врезаться (в кого-л. или во что-л.) с силойThe car turned over twice, and ploughed into a fence. — Машина дважды перевернулась и влетела в ограду.
5) ( plough through)б) осиливать, корпеть над работойShe spent the weekend ploughing her way through the pile of letters. — Она потратила выходные на разбор груды писем.
6) рассекать волны, водную поверхность (о кораблях, водоплавающих животных)7) студ. провалиться ( на экзамене)Syn:•- plough on
- plough under••- plough a lonely furrow- plough the sands
- plough the sand -
3 plough
I1. [plaʋ] n1. 1) плугland under the plough - пашня, пахотная земля
2) упряжка с плугом3) сошник4) струг ( для земляных работ)2. снегоочиститель3. эл. токоприёмник, токосниматель4. 1) пашня2) сельское хозяйство5. (the Plough) астр. Большая Медведица6. обрезные тиски ( переплетчика)7. тех. пазник; шпунтгебель♢
to follow the plough - заниматься сельским хозяйствомto put /to set/ one's hand to the plough - взяться за дело /работу/
2. [plaʋ] v1. 1) пахать, вспахиватьto plough in /into/ - запахивать, пропахивать
to plough up - распахивать, производить подъём пласта
2) поддаваться вспашкеthis land ploughs hard [easily] - эту землю трудно [легко] пахать
2. 1) прокладывать борозду2) оставлять (глубокие) следыjealousy and pride ploughed furrows across her brow - ревность и гордость избороздили её чело (морщинами)
3. 1) рассекать воду, волны2) идти, плыть, рассекая волны3) прогребать ( воду - плавание)4. 1) продвигаться, пробираться с трудом; пролагать, прокладывать путь (тж. to plough one's way)the river ploughed a course for itself down the valley - река проложила себе путь по долине
a bullet ploughed through his thigh - пуля прострелила ему /прошла через его/ бедро
as negotiations plough on - по мере того как переговоры с трудом продвигаются вперёд
2) врезаться3) корпеть, «потеть»; осиливатьII♢
to plough the sands /the air/ - заниматься бесполезным делом, тратить силы впустую; ≅ толочь воду в ступе1. [plaʋ] n студ. жарг.провал на экзамене2. [plaʋ] v студ. жарг.1) провалить на экзамене2) провалиться на экзамене -
4 plough
1. n плугland under the plough — пашня, пахотная земля
trench plough — плуг для глубокой пахоты; плантажный плуг
deep plough — плуг для глубокой пахоты, плантажный плуг
motor plough — моторный плуг, самоходный плуг
2. n упряжка с плугом3. n сошник4. n струг5. n снегоочиститель6. n эл. токоприёмник, токосниматель7. n пашня8. n сельское хозяйство9. n астр. Большая Медведица10. n обрезные тиски11. n тех. пазник; шпунтгебель12. v пахать, вспахиватьto plough in — запахивать, пропахивать
13. v поддаваться вспашке14. v прокладывать борозду15. v оставлять следы16. v рассекать воду, волны17. v идти, плыть, рассекая волны18. v прогребать19. v продвигаться, пробираться с трудом; пролагать, прокладывать путьa soil reluctant to the plough — почва, с трудом поддающаяся обработке
20. v врезаться21. v корпеть, «потеть»; осиливать22. n студ. жарг. провал на экзамене23. v студ. жарг. провалить на экзамене24. v студ. жарг. провалиться на экзаменеСинонимический ряд:1. smash into (verb) dig; push; smash into2. till (verb) break; cultivate; furrow; harrow; till; turn; turn over
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